I took a little trip to Berlin this summer. I've been there a couple of times, but the last time was over two decades ago. My Favorite Wife and I wanted to see all the changes that have happened since then, and it was a good opportunity for a little history lesson for The Young Master as well. I have ancestors who emigrated from Berlin around the turn of the last century, so there's even a distant personal connection there.
I first visited Berlin in November of 1984. I had come to Germany ostensibly as an exchange student, having been accepted to the same program that previously brought MFW (at the time still My Future Wife) to a rendezvous with destiny at the small Northern California university I attended. At the time I got onto the exchange program I had actually already graduated, so I'm not sure why I was still qualified, but I wasn't asking any questions. If the objective of the program was to further intercultural understanding, I'd say they got their money's worth.
Once at the university in Mainz that was on the receiving end of the exchange, I was strongly advised to sign up for the Berlin tour offered every year by the DAAD (the German Academic Exchange Service). For the equivalent of something like $50, you got travel and lodging and a week of tours and other activities. So sign up I did.
I explained a little of the history of divided Germany in another recent post. But to briefly recap, at the end of WWII, a big chunk of Germany's eastern provinces was ceded to Poland and the Soviet Union, and the rest was divided into British, American, French and Soviet occupation zones. Berlin, the capital, located roughly in the middle of the Soviet zone, was similarly divided into four sectors. The Soviet occupation zone became the German Democratic Republic (GDR), aka East Germany, ruled by the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (SED, Socialist German Unity Party) in the Soviet style. The British, American and French zones became the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), aka West Germany, a parliamentary democracy.
Berlin had a complicated special status. Officially, it remained an entity distinct from either West or East Germany. But in practice, the Soviet sector (East Berlin) became the capital of East Germany. The rest, West Berlin, became a kind of island that was sort of part of West Germany and sort of not. Among other things, West Germany's restrictive laws regulating opening hours of different kinds of businesses didn't apply in West Berlin, something that pubs in particular took advantage of, so West Berlin was well known for its night life. West Berlin residents were not eligible to serve in the West German army, making it a popular place for West German draft dodgers to establish residence and contributing to its status as a kind of counterculture mecca.
West Berlin was connected to West Germany by road, rail and air. In 1948, the Soviets instituted a blockade of the land connections to West Berlin in an effort to get the western allies to give it up entirely. In principle, they were within their rights to do this, because there was no written agreement allowing the western allies road or rail access to Berlin via the Soviet occupation zone. There was, however, a written agreement specifying air corridors to Berlin. The result was the famous "air bridge", in which the western allies supplied the city by air for around a year, until the blockade was given up and West Berlin's special status was left intact, with specific road and rail connections specified for transit between West Germany and West Berlin.
Throughout the subsequent decade and a half, the problem remained for the East German government that their best and brightest were taking advantage of the possibility to leave the country via West Berlin, causing a fairly critical brain drain. The result was the Berlin wall, erected starting in 1961, that turned West Berlin's political separation from East Berlin and East Germany into a very tangible physical one. By the time I got there, the wall and the associated political balance of power had been in place for more than two decades and were pretty much accepted as the status quo. I was visiting the front lines of the cold war.
I really wasn't sure what to expect. More than anything else I was curious to get a glimpse of East Berlin. As a child of the Cold War, I had grown up with all kinds of horror stories about life behind the Iron Curtain; here was a chance to get a look at that up close, however brief and superficial it might be. My expectations were colored by MFW's own tales of an earlier visit to Berlin as part of a school trip that was pretty much de rigeur for West German kids. She recounted how she and a friend waited to get their passports stamped for entry to East Berlin in an endless line in a hot stuffy building at a border crossing; her friend, feeling faint, sat down on the floor, whereupon an East German soldier, obviously a conscript no older than the two of them, immediately planted himself in front of them, screaming, "Get up! This isn't a campground! This is the territory of the German Democratic Republic!" To this day MFW still talks about how much she would like to find that guy and give him a good sound smack on the side of the head.
The first day of my own visit on the DAAD program we were put on buses and carted around to see the sites, both East and West. I don't remember much about the tour of West Berlin. West Berlin actually isn't all that interesting; for whatever reason, most of the interesting historical sites ended up in East Berlin, so maybe it's for that reason that I only really remember was the East Berlin portion of the tour.
Our tour bus drove to one of the designated crossings for the East Berlin portion of the tour. Our West German guide exited, we drove to the East German side and a different tour guide got on. We cruised around the eastern part of the city, with a lot of time spent at the Soviet war memorial in Treptower Park. As we drove around, the East German tour guide described the sights and fielded questions, most of which were some variant on, "Don't you think your whole system is kind of nutty?" She responded patiently to each one of these questions. Not with a wink and a nod, mind you; she sounded perfectly reasonable and sincere as she gave us the party line.
The final stop on our East Berlin tour was at an "Intershop" store. This was a government-run establishment sort of like a duty-free shop where you could buy western cigarettes, liquor and other such items, the catch being that you had to pay in hard currency (read: non-Eastern Bloc), something the East German government was very eager to get its hands on. On the way out, the bus was thoroughly and carefully inspected, much more so than on the way in, to ensure that we weren't smuggling anyone out of the Socialist Paradise on Earth. The inspection tools included big mirrors mounted face-up on little rollers with a long handle, which they used to inspect the underside of the bus, presumably to make sure nobody was trying to smuggle himself out that way.
The most interesting thing about West Berlin was just the overall sensation of being in this island surrounded by a giant concrete wall, guarded with guns and mines and watchtowers, not so much to keep you on the island as to keep anyone from the outside from joining you there. Whatever direction you walked in, sooner or later you would come upon the wall, seemingly randomly placed, bringing an abrupt end to whatever street you happened to be walking down.
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| End Of The Line |
The wall that was visible from the West Berlin side was only one part of the overall border complex or "Antifaschistischer Schutzwall" (Anti-Fascist Protective Wall), as it was referred to in official East German parlance. There was a separate wall running more or less in parallel on the East Berlin side. The "death strip" between the two walls, which was any where from about 100 to 1500 feet wide, contained anti-vehicle barriers, watchtowers, searchlights and plenty of armed guards with shoot-to-kill orders, which were exercised a hundred or so times during the roughly three decades that the wall stood (most of the shooting incidents occurred early on; thereafter it was fairly clear to East Germans that the guards weren't just carrying guns for ceremonial purposes). The West Berlin side was covered with graffiti; the East Berlin side was of course kept scrupulously blank.
In a few places in West Berlin there were viewing platforms erected over the years that enabled you to peer over the wall into the eastern side. Standing on one of these at the Potsdamer Platz, the soundtrack playing in my head was the Sex Pistols song Holidays in the Sun.
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| I'm Looking Over The Wall… And They're Looking At Me |
In the 1930's, the Potsdamer Platz was a huge, bustling metropolitan crossroad. Now it was just a vast empty space with a wall on either side and scary-looking guard towers in between. To look at it, you wouldn't have suspected that it was once full of life. The fact that I was looking at it on a gray November day added to the sense of desolation.
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| Potsdamer Platz, November 1984 |
One of the weirder sections of the wall was the spot where one of Berlin's major landmarks, the Brandenburg Gate, stood. You may remember it as the site of Ronald Reagan's "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall" speech in 1987. The structure had been severely damaged during WWII. After the war the ruins of the adjacent buildings were torn down and it was somewhat restored, only to end up frozen in time in the middle of the "death strip" when the wall went up. You could view it from a distance, but you couldn't actually walk up to it for a look.
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| Brandenburg Gate, November 1984 |
Wandering around the Kreuzberg neighborhood of West Berlin I came upon one spot where it wasn't possible to put up a wall on the Western side, because the border was the Spree River, with the river itself belonging to East Berlin but the river bank belonging to West Berlin. A somewhat ominous-looking sign warned in German and Turkish (Kreuzberg being heavily populated by Turkish "guest-workers") that a dip in the river could cost you your life.
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| Oberbaum Bridge, November 1984 |
There was one day of the Berlin trip that was free of planned activities. Like most of our group, I used the free day for an unguided trip to East Berlin. To do this, you had to go to Checkpoint Charlie, which was the designated crossing point for all non-(West) Germans, and get a one-day visa. You got in line and waited. And waited, and waited. When you finally got up to the head of the line, you paid a visa fee of something like 7 or 8 DM (West German Marks), around $4 at the time, plus you had to change an additional 25 DM into 25 East German marks. That 1:1 exchange rate was a pretty good deal for the East German government; a fair exchange rate based on the actual value of their currency would have gotten you six or seven times as many East German marks for your DM.
When leaving East Berlin you also had to surrender all of your East German currency, because it was illegal to take it out of the country. Not that it was useful as anything other than a memento anyway; outside of East Germany (perhaps with the exception of the other Soviet bloc countries), it was entirely worthless anyway. The sense that their money had essentially no value had a tactile dimension, as the coins were made of aluminum. Holding a pile of coins (referred to by East Germans themselves as "Alu-Chips") weighing next to nothing in your hand didn't exactly leave you with a feeling that you were carrying around anything of substance or value.
Being a starving student, for whom 25 DM was not an insubstantial amount of money at the time, I felt an obligation to use the 25 M ("M" being the designation for the East German Mark) into which it had been converted on something useful. The problem was, there really wasn't anything even marginally useful to buy. I spent a few M on a sausage and a beer and wondered what to do with the rest.
Eventually I found my way to the Alexanderplatz, one of the few areas I encountered in East Berlin that seemed slightly (emphasis on slightly) more colorful and consumer-oriented. It was a big open square that featured the huge Weltuhr (world clock) that showed you the current time in different world cities, and a big open square with a decorative fountain. There I found a department store in which I spent most of my remaining M on an LP of classical music and, since I had studied business and economics, a few paperbacks with titles like "Money Circulation in the Socialist Economy" that sounded moderately interesting (and turned out not to be).
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| World Clock, Alexanderplatz, November 1984 |
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| Fountain, Alexanderplatz, November 1984 |
In the course of my wanderings I also happened across the Neue Synagoge (New Synagogue), built in 1866, damaged in 1938 during the Reichskristallnacht and then further damaged during the allied bombing of Berlin. The remaining ruins were left as a monument during the years of East Germany's existence. I wondered if maybe some of my own ancestors had gone in and out of there before they left for America.
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| Neue Synagoge, November 1984 |
I also went to have a look at the Palast der Republik (Palace of the Republic), the seat of the East German "parliament". The facade of the building was covered with windows that had a sort of bronze-colored reflective coating that caused it to reflect the Berlin Cathedral (in the midst of a multi-year restoration effort at the time of my visit), which stood directly across from it. The building stood on the site of the former "City Palace", of the ruling Prussian royal family. The building was referred to by East Germans as "Erich's lamp store" for the blinding array of ceiling lamps in the foyer of the building. Another of its architectural features was the enormous quantity of asbestos used in its construction.
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| Palast der Republik, November 1984 |
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| Berlin Cathedral, November 1984 |
One thing that I was told I had to see while in Berlin was the changing of the guard at the Neue Wache (New Guard House). Originally constructed as a guard house for a nearby palace used by the Prussian crown prince, after WWII the Neue Wache was rebuilt and re-purposed as East Germany's central "Memorial to the Victims of Fascism and Militarism". Inside, it was a huge empty room with an eternal flame burning in the middle of it. Outside there was a military honor guard consisting of a couple of soldiers standing stoically at attention.
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| Sentinels Of Freedom |
Every day at 1:00 PM (if I recall correctly) there was an elaborately choreographed ceremony for the changing of the guard that involved hundreds of soldiers marching up and down Unter den Linden, the wide boulevard running in front of the Neue Wache, which was cordoned off for the duration of the ceremony along a length of several hundred. The marching featured a fair amount of goose-stepping, which invited associations that seemed pretty ironic in view of the fact that this was ostensibly taking place in commemoration of the Victims of Fascism and Militarism.
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| I Thought We Finished With This In 1945 |
My second trip to Berlin, East and West, didn't happen until November of 1990, roughly six years after the first visit. MFW, however, had been there a year previously, to do some thesis-related research on an obscure German author in an East Berlin archive. She got very little done on that trip, though, because she happened to arrive on the evening of November 9, 1989: the night the wall came down.
The build-up to that event had been going on for much of the previous year. Actually, it had been going on since the beginning of the 1980's, when the Solidarity movement began to challenge communist rule in Poland, and began to accelerate as Gorbachev came into power in the USSR and instituted various reform policies. In May of 1989 the Hungarian government began taking down its border fences with Austria, and tens of thousands of East Germans, who were able to travel to other Hungary and other Eastern Bloc countries, took advantage of this to head westward. After their government prohibited travel to Hungary, East Germans began occupying West German diplomatic facilities elsewhere in Eastern Europe, from which they were eventually allowed to exit to the west.
As summer turned to fall, the weekly "Monday demonstrations" began in the East German city of Leipzig, with first thousands and then tens of thousands of people taking to the streets to demand freedom of movement and democratic elections (as opposed to the biannual "elections" in which the SED and its coalition of smaller puppet parties consistently was confirmed in office with 99-plus percent of the votes). Though ordered to shoot to kill, police refused to follow the order, with the result that the demonstrations continued to snowball. Amidst all this, the SED was attempting to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, which made for something of a bizarre spectacle. It was during this period, in early October, that Gorbachev came to attend the anniversary celebrations in East Berlin. He urged Erich Honecker, the SED party leader and head of state, to accept reforms, but Honecker refused.
I watched all of this unfold from Mainz, in West Germany, to which I had returned after finishing graduate school in 1988. I had grown up as a child of the Cold War, inured to the idea that the world was roughly divided into two opposing camps who might push the buttons that would incinerate each other at pretty much any moment. The US military presence all around me in Germany served to remind me that I was living directly on the fault line of that conflict, and I had grown accustomed to that as well. To see this status quo now unraveling so rapidly before my eyes seemed nothing short of supernatural. The whole situation had kind of a surreal quality.
With the situation rapidly spiraling out of control, the SED fired Honecker and put Egon Krenz, Honecker's deputy, in charge. Krenz and his circle decided that they had no choice but to allow reforms, including the right to travel to the west. In a press conference on the evening of November 9, 1989, the SED spokesman Günter Schabowski announced this, and was asked by an Italian journalist when this would take effect. Schabowski, caught off guard by the question, answered, "As far as I know, effective immediately, without delay." He continued to ad lib, mentioning that this applied to the border crossings into West Berlin. The West German evening news, which could be received by East Germans (with the exception of those in the far eastern part of the country, known colloquially as the Tal der Ahnungslosen, or "valley of the clueless") broadcast excerpts of the press conference, causing East Berliners to surge to the border crossings at the wall, demanding to be let across. The confused and overwhelmed border guards, who were not getting any useful guidance from their superiors, finally just began letting people cross at will from East to West and back again. The rest, as they say, is history.
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| Be Careful What You Wish For |
For the first days after Schabowski's announcement, confusion more or less reigned. At the Brandenburg Gate, where the wall was fairly wide, East German border guards stood on top of the wall. Presumably they were supposed to keep people from climbing up there, for whatever reason. I'm not sure the guards themselves even knew why they were up there, other than that those were their orders.
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| Brandenburg Gate, November 10, 1989 |
A common site all over the city were the so-called Mauerspechte ("wallpeckers"), people with hammers and chisels and other such tools who were hammering chunks out of the wall, partly as souvenirs (pieces with paint from graffiti being particularly prized) and partly just for the symbolic value.
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| Goodbye Wall |
MFW, as you might imagine, did not get a whole lot of work done during her visit. She did make her way to the archive in East Berlin that she had been given special permission to visit, but much of the staff had disappeared for spontaneous visits to West Berlin. Back in Mainz, I envied her for having managed to turn up there exactly at the moment history was being made. Unfortunately, I had work obligations that made it pretty much impractical for me to just drop everything and go there to join her, something I'll always regret.
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| Potsdamer Platz, November 1989 |
So while I didn't get to go see history being made in East Germany, its residents were coming to see me. Within a day or two of the opening of the borders, the streets of Mainz, like those of pretty much every other West German city, were full of East Germans in their hilariously obsolete Trabant and Wartburg cars. These were little four-seater subcompact cars with a plastic body that were powered by a 26-horsepower, two-cycle engine (as opposed to the four-cycle engine used in just about any other car you will have ever encountered). Prospective owners signed a purchase contract and then waited approximately ten years for delivery. They were noisy as hell and left a trail of foul-smelling blue smoke wherever they went, since the two-cycle engine was lubricated by motor oil that was mixed directly into the gasoline it consumed.
The East Germans were driven to head West by any number of factors. Some were striking out to seek their fortune, but most just wanted to see what the land of the capitalist class enemy, which they had heard so much about but had been forbidden to visit for so long, actually looked like, and had no plans to stay for any longer amount of time.
Another major draw for East Germans was the Begrüßungsgeld, or "welcome money". Because the few East Germans who were allowed to visit West Germany were highly restricted in the amount of money they could take out of the country and therefore showed up more or less penniless, since 1970 the West German government had a policy of handing out DM 100 to anyone who showed up at a West German bank or town hall with an East German passport. The East German tourists were more than happy to take advantage of this generosity, forming long lines outside of banks in West Berlin and West Germany. You were supposed to be able to do this once a year, but within around a month or so the West German government, which had never reckoned with having to pay out DM 100 each to millions of people, ended the program.
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| We've Come To Collect |
A lot of West Germans spontaneously took in East German tourists, feeling an urge to extend hospitality to their deprived cousins from the East. A number of cities and towns added a few DM extra to the Begrüßungsgeld being paid out within their jurisdictions. It didn't take long for this wave of generosity to ebb, though. A guy I worked with told me a story about how he had offered to take in a family from East Germany who had come to have a look at the West for a week. At some point they mentioned that they would be taking a trip that day to visit their relatives who lived in a neighboring town. My somewhat dumbfounded colleague asked them why they weren't just staying with their relatives if they were that close. They explained that they had considered that, but decided to camp out in my colleague's living room instead because they could get DM 20 extra in Begrüßungsgeld each if they stayed in his town and collected their payment there. Needless to say, his feelings of solidarity were not especially enhanced upon being told this. In general, within a few weeks the novelty had worn off and I don't think that anyone in the West particularly regretted that the number of East Germans putting around in their noisy, stinky little cars had declined considerably.
My own return to Berlin didn't occur until November of 1990. I was working for a Big Eight consulting company (which has since merged with another to become one of the Big Four—I guess eventually they will all become the Big One) and was asked on fairly short notice to travel to Berlin to help out with a project to prepare a state-owned East German company for privatization, of which there were many going on. MFW was free to travel at the time and so we both jumped in the car and headed east.
As recounted earlier, I had of course wandered around East Berlin six years previously, and had heard all of MFW's stories from the immediate aftermath of the end of the wall, and read countless articles and watched numerous TV programs about life in East Germany as the country sought to transition to life in a reunited Germany without the "East" and "West" prefixes. Reunification had officially happened a month previously, in October 1990, but as I was soon to learn, culturally things were still very much the same as they had been while the wall was intact. The initial euphoria of the end of the SED regime had given way to a more sober realization that integrating this country that in many ways seemed closer to the 1950's than the 1990's was going to be massively difficult.
I had been given some briefings on what awaited me, and arrived at the company in East Berlin around 3:30 PM, ready to get in at least a few hours of work. It being winter, the air was thick with the pungent smell of the lignite, or brown coal, that powered much of East Germany. The building in which I was to spend the next week or so was stiflingly hot, despite the fact that windows were standing open all over the place. I was reminded of something a friend who had previously visited East Germany multiple times once told me, which was that because nobody explicitly paid for heating, nobody paid much attention to how much energy was being consumed to generate it; if the room got too warm, rather than attempting to adjust the central heating system you just opened some windows. It was a classic example of how what belongs to everyone belongs to no one, and so no one feels any obligation to maintain it or make sure it's being used in a non-wasteful manner.
There were a few introductions, and I mentioned that I hoped we could meet until around 6 or 6:30 to map out a plan for the coming days. This was met with murmurs of a negative sort, and it was explained to me that it was actually shortly before quitting time; East German workers were accustomed to start their day around 7 AM or so but expected to be out the door by about 4 PM. OK, fine, go home then, we'll start tomorrow, I told them. We were off to a great start.
The ensuing days left me pretty much throwing up my hands as far as the future of the company was concerned. I was dealing with the company management, but the level of planning skills (not to mention the level of motivation) was pretty low. They didn't have any real idea of what it cost to produce whatever it was they were producing (I've long since forgotten), who their customers were and what prices they were paying, and any number of other things that are pretty much fundamental to running a business. They were used to getting their materials and their marching orders from some central planning board and then just following instructions to produce whatever types and quantities they were told to produce. It seemed pretty obvious that this operation was going to have to radically transform itself if it was going to survive in even a greatly stripped down form.
As it turned out, this particular company was pretty typical of state-owned East German enterprises. The East German economy had relied to a considerable extent on exports to the Eastern Bloc countries, where its products were fairly well respected. The East German technology was old and the production was not very efficient, but in competition with other economies in which the same or worse conditions prevailed, they did okay. But when in the run-up to reunification East Germany adopted the DM, exchanging East German Marks for West German ones on a 1:1 basis for purely political reasons, East German exports were suddenly rendered far too expensive for their former customers in the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia etc. Without customers for their industrial products, the East German economy rapidly went from bad to desperate, and twenty-plus years on, fairly little remains of those enterprises.
One of the main things I observed in all this was a huge generational divide that was going to play a role in how the East Germans were going to do in the new system. The older ones—the ones who at the time were about the same age I am now—made kind of a shell-shocked, disoriented impression. They didn't believe in or want the old system, yet it was familiar and safe. Now they were being expected to adapt to a new system that they didn't really understand and that seemed full of pitfalls and risks and dangers. They had grown up with a system that tolerated very little in the way of freedom of thought or expression; on the other hand, as long as they more or less followed the rules, they also more or less automatically had a job and an income and a place to live that while not particularly generous, was adequate, but also secure and predictable. Now they were basically being expected to be creative and fend for themselves and take risks and do all sorts of things for which their life up to that point had never prepared them, and it seemed way too late to learn how to do those things. I couldn't see them as candidates for anything other than early retirement.
The younger people I talked to in the company I visited were much more confident and forward-looking and wanted to take advantage of everything the new system would offer them. If things didn't work out there, they would not waste their time and start looking for something better. With most of their lives still ahead of them, I was optimistic that they would mostly do allright.
I managed to find the time for MFW and me to wander around East Berlin and compare impressions then with impressions from earlier visits. We also managed to connect with a few people that MFW had met during her somewhat abortive research trip the previous year, which helped us to get more of an insider's view of life in the East.
One of the people MFW had re-established contact with lived in Marzahn, a section of Berlin known for its vast tracts of drearily uniform high-rise apartments constructed out of prefabricated concrete slabs (Plattenbau). We went to visit B. there, where she lived with her husband U. and their two little daughters. B., who worked in the archive that MFW had visited the previous year, was apprehensive about the future. U., on the other hand, embodied the excitement and optimism I saw in many people his age (mid-thirties). He had studied to be an architect, but after graduation the SED-led government, whose infinite wisdom one of course dared not question, determined that his credentials now qualified him for a job as a meat inspector. The day after the Berlin Wall opened up, he was in West Berlin distributing his resume and hustling for job interviews, and in the intervening year had worked his way into a supervisory position in a a West Berlin construction firm.
B. and U. gave us a tour of their apartment, which took about five minutes because it consisted only of a few tiny rooms, furnished with the same mass-produced furniture that you could expect to see in just about any other East German apartment of similar vintage. One of the things that caught my eye was the vinyl floor covering imprinted with a fake wood grain pattern, which was the same floor covering I saw in the entryway of the building, as well as throughout the building where I was doing my little consulting gig. I guess that was someone in some central planning department's idea of efficiency.
Besides that omnipresent vinyl flooring, another thing I saw a number of times as we drove around East Berlin was the burnt-out shells of wrecked cars along the side of the road. It was explained to me by an East Berliner that there was a huge demand for western cars, now that they were suddenly available. Some of that demand was satisfied by cheap used cars that were brought in from the west in barely roadworthy condition and then rapidly transformed into scrap metal by young East Berliners who failed to adapt their Trabant-based driving skills to the western cars, and therefore had an unfortunate tendency to lose control and drive into lampposts, walls, or each other.
I wish I had had a little more free time to look around the city, but we did get a chance to see some of the sights. One of the places we were able to visit was the Potsdamer Platz. What a difference from when I was there in 1984! The wall and all its accompanying paraphernalia had been removed, and what was once the "death strip" was now just a vast open field smack in the middle of the city.
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| Potsdamer Platz, November 1990 |
The wall had been removed in most places by the time of this visit, but here and there you could still find the odd section standing, though without any of the guards etc.
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| The Scrapheap Of History |
The wall at the Brandenburg Gate had been completely removed. It wasn't possible to walk through it at the time, as it was undergoing renovation and there was a fence around it. At least you could walk up to the fence without the risk of getting shot.
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| Brandenburg Gate (West Side), November 1990 |
On the eastern side of the Brandenburg Gate (the Pariser Platz) there were a number of tables set up by people who were hawking memorabilia of one kind or another. You could buy things like chunks of the wall of various sizes, East German and Soviet military uniform parts, or medals and banners and other trinkets bearing inscriptions like, "For Outstanding Achievements in Socialist Competition". It was like communism was having a yard sale to get rid of things that it no longer had any use for.
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| Brandenburg Gate (East Side), November 1990 |
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| We Won't Be Needing These Any More |
So… fast-forward 23 years to July, 2013. It's hard for me to believe, but a generation has passed since the wall came down and the German Democratic Republic, the Soviet Union and all the rest of the Warsaw Pact essentially went out of business. For my own kids' generation, the Cold War and its artifacts such as the Berlin Wall, and the end of all that, are the stuff of history books, not something of which they have any kind of first-hand experience. It makes me feel like a relic in my own right. Gather round, my children, and let me recount the ancient tales of Reagan and Brezhnev… of Bush and Brandt and Gorbachev… of Honecker and Kohl and Krenz and Thatcher and Mitterrand… of Havel and Ceaușescu and Walesa and Yeltsin… let me tell you of a year in which pigs flew and hell froze over and the world I knew was completely remade… oh, sorry, no, I understand, you need to go update your Facebook status instead. I'll just sit here quietly in my rocking chair…
MFW and I have wanted for some time to make another trip to Berlin to see what has changed in the decades since German reunification. This month we finally made that trip. The Heiress has decided to grow up and go off to college and had other commitments that prevented her from accompanying us to Germany this year, but The Young Master, being still of high school age and thus consigned for at least another year to life with Mom and Dad, was dragged along for a rendezvous with history, forced to go stomping all over the city while listening to his parents lecture him about what it looked like the last time they were there.
As it turns out, the place has indeed changed a little. First and foremost, the wall is long gone, with the exception of a few pieces that have been retained for historical value. Nearly everything else has been renovated (or is still undergoing renovation, or is at least pending renovation), or torn down and replaced by something beautiful and modern. I imagine that our acquaintance U. from Marzahn, the architect to whom I introduced you earlier, must have "earned himself a golden nose", as the Germans say, by now.
Our visit started in earnest at the Alexanderplatz, which is where our hotel was located. We traveled to the main train station, and from there took the subway, or U-Bahn, to Alexanderplatz. I didn't realize it during my earlier visits, but back then it wasn't even possible to get to Alexanderplatz that way even though there was a station right there. How is that possible, you may ask. Well, during the wall years, the Alexanderplatz station was one of East Berlin's Geisterbahnhöfe, or "ghost stations". It sat on a line that started and terminated in West Berlin; where it passed through East Berlin, the entrances were sealed, and those stops weren't even shown on any standard map of East Berlin. Subway trains would slow a bit as they passed through one of these stations; if you were lucky (relatively speaking) you might catch a glimpse of one of the border guards watching over the dimly lit station from a dark corner.
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| World Clock, Alexanderplatz, July 2013 |
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| Fountain, Alexanderplatz, July 2013 |
Above ground, Alexanderplatz was kind of typical of East Berlin; all the old landmarks were more or less recognizable, but everything looked modernized and polished. With the exception of one new building, the buildings all around the square were the same ones, but they all seemed to have been given new facades in the post-reunification decades. Oh, and the U-Bahn has long since reopened.
From our base at the Alexanderplatz, we traveled all around the Berlin. It's a big city, and we knew that we weren't going to be able to see everything we might want to see, but my philosophy was that Berlin will be there next year too, and the year after that, so if we want to badly enough we can always go back and see some of the things we didn't manage to see on this trip.
One "must see" for us was the Potsdamer Platz. Having seen it as a no-man's land between the two sections of the wall, then as a vast open field smack in the middle of a sprawling city, we had to see it in its latest incarnation. After visiting there, I can report to you that if you knew nothing of its history, you would have no clues as to what it looked like 25 years ago. It is once again a vital, bustling crossroads. I tried to figure out where exactly it was that I once stood on a viewing stand to gaze at watchtowers and anti-tank ditches and let me tell you, it wasn't easy.
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| Potsdamer Platz, July 2013 |
A large part of our Berlin trip consisted of just traveling around the city to have a look at places either or both of us had been to years ago to compare the current state to past states. One of the more obvious of those, for us at least, was the Brandenburg gate.
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| Brandenburg Gate (West Side), July 2013 |
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| Brandenburg Gate (East Side), July 2013 |
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Like the Potsdamer Platz, the Brandenburg Gate has also been returned to something approximating its pre-WWII state insofar as it is once again just part of the overall cityscape, no longer an artifact frozen in time, to be viewed from the other side of a wall. The only slightly odd aspect was the guys dressed as an East German border guard, or as the Berlin bear (the mascot of the city), waiting for you to take your picture with them (for a small fee, of course).
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| The Stalinist State, à la Disney |
Another place I had to see was that spot on the bank of the Spree River where an ominous-looking sign admonished me that to touch the water would be to risk my life. I discovered that what was once kind of a dead spot at the edge of (former) West Berlin is now the site of a pleasant little cafe; the only sign there now was one that announced the day's menu specials. The Oberbaum Bridge which lies just beyond has had its decorative towers restored to their prewar glory in the "Brick Gothic" style, and the somewhat less than decorative watchtower that once monitored the border crossing there is long gone.
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| Oberbaum Bridge, July 2013 |
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Across the river from that spot is the East Side Gallery, a fairly long section of the eastern side of the wall that has been preserved. In 1990, during the earliest part of the post-wall period, sections of the wall were parceled out to various artists for them to express their impressions of the end of the wall and the end of the division of the country. In the intervening years the paintings have been damaged by graffiti and weathering; an attempt to protect and restore the paintings has been undertaken, but based on what I saw when I was there, that attempt seems to have been less than successful. Like the wall itself, perhaps the paintings are just an ephemeral moment in history that is destined to eventually pass.
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East Side Gallery, July 2013
My God, Help Me To Survive This Deadly Love |
Another former ruin that I had visited long ago, the Neue Synagoge, has been similarly restored. It's now the Centrum Judaicum, a kind of community center where there are exhibitions and programs of various kinds, but not an actual synagogue.
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| Neue Synagoge, July 2013 |
I'd like to be able to show you what's become of the Palast der Republik, but all I can show you is the big hole where it once stood. In 2006 the Bundestag, the German Parliament, decided to tear the building down to rebuild the City Palace that originally stood on that spot. The demolition was completed in 2009, and now the spot is a massive construction site. The restored Berlin Cathedral, however, still stands across from the site.
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| Berlin Cathedral/Former Site of Palast der Republik, July 2013 |
A stone's throw away from the Cathedral and the site of former Palast der Republik is the Neue Wache, where I had once watched clean young men goose-stepping about in their crisp uniforms. The marching is over; the monument itself has been slightly remodeled and renamed the "Central Memorial of the Federal Republic of Germany for the Victims of War and Dictatorship". Where the eternal flame once stood is now a sculpture "Mother With Her Dead Son" by the artist Käthe Kollwitz.
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| Neue Wache (Exterior), July 2013 |
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| Neue Wache (Interior), July 2013 |
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When we weren't looking at buildings and monuments and such, we were in museums. On of those was the DDR Museum, whose mission it is to try and convey a sense of what life was like in the former East German state. In a word: it was weird. The museum did a pretty good job of making palpable a society in which everyone was at least publicly supposed to pretend to believe that they were living in a sort of paradise on earth, with dire consequences for anyone who dared to express any feelings to the contrary, despite the obvious chasm between the reality of people's lives and the fantasy world that the ruling party sought to project. If you want to get a sense of what life in this society was like, and don't have time to jog on over to Berlin for a quick museum visit, two films I would recommend are The Lives of Others and Good Bye Lenin.
I'd love to regale you with more tales of Berlin past and present, but this post has gotten stupendously long. I can see your eyes glazing over, and my fingers are also getting tired. And so to bed.
